Foundations Of Computing: From Hardware Essentials To Web Design GXEST203 2024 Scheme - Dr Binu V P

Wide area networks are networks designed to facilitate communications between users and applications over large distances—between the various corporate offices of an international organization that are located in cities all over the world. There are two primary compelling reasons for designing and building wide area network capabilities: ■ An organization requires data communication links between widely spread facilities and between an organization and its business partners, customers, and suppliers. ■ An organization requires fast access to the Internet, either as a consumer or as a provider of Internet services, or both. These two requirements, may, of course, overlap substantially. For example, an extranet is a connection between a business and its business partners, used for the exchange of information and services, and for collaboration, coordination and planning. The Internet is generally preferred as the medium for extranet activities. The main distinguishing feature that charac...

The World Wide Web (WWW) is like a massive library of information that you can explore using the internet. Imagine millions of web pages filled with text, images, videos, and other content—all connected like a giant spider web. These web pages are stored on servers worldwide and can be accessed from any device, like a computer or smartphone, through a web browser (like Chrome or Safari). The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system that allows users to access and share information over the internet: How it works The WWW is based on hypertext, which uses hyperlinks to connect documents and other resources. Users can click on hyperlinks to access information in different formats, such as text, images, audio, and video. Beginning in 1990, Berners-Lee designed and built a system using the concept of hypertext, a collection of documents interconnected by pointers,called links, as shown in Figure 7.23. Traditional documents are meant tobe read linearly from beginning to end, but users of hypertext d...

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is usually defined as a network larger in geographical scope than a local area network, but generally within a range of less than 30 miles or 50 kilometers. A MAN would be used to connect several buildings in an area together or, perhaps, connect a company’s buildings in a city or region together. Some communities have built or plan to build MANs, both for their own use, and as a service utility for their residents and businesses. A company generally requires services from a service provider (SP)  or other public carrier, and the infrastructure of the MAN begins to resemble that of a wide area network. A service provider is a company that provides the equivalent of a link or links between nodes that are not directly accessible to simple forms of connection, like wire or fiber optic cable. A connection to a provider occurs at an access point on the customer’s premises. The access point is usually connected to the company networks with a switch, a r...

The Internet is a massive, interconnected network that allows computers and other devices worldwide to communicate with each other. It’s like a giant web connecting billions of devices, enabling them to share information, communicate, and access online resources. Key Points: Global Network : The Internet links networks from all around the world, connecting personal computers, smartphones, servers, and many other devices. Communication Platform : It allows people to send messages, make video calls, and share files, enabling instant communication regardless of distance. Information Sharing : Users can browse websites, search for information, watch videos, and access educational materials. Uses Protocols : The Internet relies on specific rules called protocols (like TCP/IP) to ensure data is transmitted accurately across different networks. 1960s – The Beginnings : The Internet's roots trace back to the ARPANET , a project by the U.S. Department of Defense. The goal was to create a ne...

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and other supporting devices over a relatively small localized area, typically a room, the floor of a building, a building, or multiple buildings within close range of each other. Usually, most of the computers in a local area network are personal computers or workstations, although sometimes there may be larger server computers present. Supporting devices might include printers, external storage devices, and routers. Routers, and perhaps gateways, will be used to connect the LAN to other networks. Some LANs are further limited in geographical scope by the particular medium in use. Wireless Ethernet, commonly identified by its trade name, Wi-Fi , for example, is limited to a maximum range of a few hundred feet under ideal conditions by the usable strength of the radio signal that is used to carry the data. Walls and other obstructions will limit the range of the signal even more. Since all communication channels are limite...

What is a Router? In networking, a router is a device that connects multiple computer networks and allows them to communicate with each other. It acts as a central hub, directing network traffic and ensuring data packets are sent to the correct destinations. Now consider the most common network scenario, illustrated in Figure 12.7. In this scenario, each end node is linked to an intermediate node that is part of a network,most commonly a local area network. The intermediate links connect nodes belonging to various networks together. A component at each intermediate node routes the packet to the next appropriate node. It also converts the data format of the packet to the format required for the next link, if necessary. The component may be a computer programmed to do routing, but it’s more likely to be a router or a gateway. Routers and gateways are specialized devices used to interconnect networks and pass packets from one network to the other. A simplified diagram of a router is shown...

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection over the internet between your device (like a computer or smartphone) and another network. This connection acts like a private tunnel, making it seem as if you’re directly connected to the network you’re accessing, even if you’re actually far away or using a public Wi-Fi network. VPNs are used to protect online privacy, secure data, and access restricted or blocked content. How VPN Works Imagine you’re in a crowded café using their free Wi-Fi. Without a VPN, any data you send or receive, like browsing or sending emails, is open for others on the same network to intercept. A VPN hides this data by encrypting it—making it unreadable to anyone who doesn’t have the key to decrypt it. How VPNs Work:           1.Establish a Connection:           When a user connects to a VPN, their device establishes an encrypted tunnel with the VPN server. ...