Foundations Of Computing: From Hardware Essentials To Web Design GXEST203 2024 Scheme - Dr Binu V P

The World Wide Web (WWW) is like a massive library of information that you can explore using the internet. Imagine millions of web pages filled with text, images, videos, and other content—all connected like a giant spider web. These web pages are stored on servers worldwide and can be accessed from any device, like a computer or smartphone, through a web browser (like Chrome or Safari). The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system that allows users to access and share information over the internet: How it works The WWW is based on hypertext, which uses hyperlinks to connect documents and other resources. Users can click on hyperlinks to access information in different formats, such as text, images, audio, and video. How it's used The WWW is the primary way to access internet resources. It provides access to a wide range of content, including mass media, through the surface web, deep web, and dark web. How it was created British scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the WWW in 1989 while work...

The Internet is a massive, interconnected network that allows computers and other devices worldwide to communicate with each other. It’s like a giant web connecting billions of devices, enabling them to share information, communicate, and access online resources. Key Points: Global Network : The Internet links networks from all around the world, connecting personal computers, smartphones, servers, and many other devices. Communication Platform : It allows people to send messages, make video calls, and share files, enabling instant communication regardless of distance. Information Sharing : Users can browse websites, search for information, watch videos, and access educational materials. Uses Protocols : The Internet relies on specific rules called protocols (like TCP/IP) to ensure data is transmitted accurately across different networks. 1960s – The Beginnings : The Internet's roots trace back to the ARPANET , a project by the U.S. Department of Defense. The goal was to create a ne...

1. What is a Router? A router is a device that connects your devices to the internet and helps them communicate with each other. When you browse the web, watch videos, or send emails, the router makes sure that data goes to and from the right places. 2. How Does a Router Work? (Basic Functionality) Think of a router as a traffic director for the internet in your home. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown: Directing Traffic : When you try to load a website, the router sends the request to the internet. Once it finds the information, it directs it back to the correct device. Connecting Devices : A router connects multiple devices (like laptops, phones, and tablets) to the same network, allowing them to share the internet connection. Assigning IP Addresses : Each device needs a unique address to communicate. The router gives each device an address (IP address) to keep things organized. 3. Types of Routers Wired Routers : Connect devices through Ethernet cables, which offer a stable and often ...

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection over the internet between your device (like a computer or smartphone) and another network. This connection acts like a private tunnel, making it seem as if you’re directly connected to the network you’re accessing, even if you’re actually far away or using a public Wi-Fi network. VPNs are used to protect online privacy, secure data, and access restricted or blocked content. How VPN Works Imagine you’re in a crowded café using their free Wi-Fi. Without a VPN, any data you send or receive, like browsing or sending emails, is open for others on the same network to intercept. A VPN hides this data by encrypting it—making it unreadable to anyone who doesn’t have the key to decrypt it. Starting the VPN Connection : You activate the VPN app on your device. This app creates a “secure tunnel” between your device and a VPN server located in another part of the world. Encryption : Once the tunnel is set u...

Understanding DNS The Domain Name System (DNS) is like the internet's address book. It helps us find websites by converting names, like www.example.com , into numbers that computers understand, called IP addresses . Think of it this way: instead of memorizing long strings of numbers, you only need to remember a website's name. DNS takes care of finding the right "phone number" (IP address) for you. How DNS Works in Simple Steps You Enter a Website Address : When you type www.example.com into your browser, your computer wants to know the IP address to find that website. DNS Looks Up the Address : DNS works behind the scenes to search for the IP address that matches www.example.com . It checks with various DNS servers—like asking friends for directions until it gets the answer. Gets the IP Address : Once DNS finds the IP address, it sends it back to your computer. Website Loads : Now, your computer knows where to go to load the website, and the page appears on your sc...

1.Introduction to Network Security Definition : Network security involves protecting computer networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and other risks. Importance : It ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. 2. Desktop Security Desktop security, also known as endpoint security, focuses on securing individual devices (like desktops, laptops, and mobile devices) that connect to the network. Here’s how to secure a desktop: Antivirus and Anti-malware Software : Protects against malicious software by detecting, blocking, and removing viruses, spyware, and other harmful programs. Operating System and Software Updates : Regular updates help patch vulnerabilities that attackers could exploit. Firewalls : Desktop firewalls monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic, blocking potentially harmful connections. User Authentication and Access Control : Passwords, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and user access levels reduce the risk of unauthorized access. Educate user...

What is NAT? NAT stands for Network Address Translation . It’s a method that translates private IP addresses used within a local network (like a home or office) to a public IP address. This is essential for communication over the Internet, as devices within a private network can’t directly connect to the Internet without NAT. It acts as a middleman, allowing many devices to share one public IP, which reduces the need for a unique IP for each device. Why NAT is Important The pool of IPv4 addresses (which consists of about 4.3 billion IP addresses) is limited, and with billions of devices worldwide, there simply aren’t enough unique IP addresses for every device to have one. NAT allows devices within a local network to share a single public IP, making it an efficient solution to the IPv4 address shortage. How NAT Works Here’s a step-by-step overview of NAT in action: Device Communication: When a device in a local network wants to communicate with the Internet, it sends a data packet to ...